Sec 3 Biology Transport in Humans topical questions

Name the vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs and state what kind of blood it carries.

State one structural difference between an artery and a vein, and one feature veins have that arteries lack.

Name the molecule in red blood cells that binds oxygen, and state where it loads oxygen.

State what happens to fibrinogen during clotting and what the product does.

Name the two blood components that defend the body, and state one job of each.

Explain how the structure of a capillary is related to its function of exchanging materials.

Describe the transfer of materials between a capillary and the cells it supplies.

A heart beats 75 times per minute, ejecting 70 cm³ of blood per beat. Calculate the cardiac output in litres per minute.

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

A patient with blood group B needs an urgent transfusion, but only group O blood is available. Explain, step by step, whether the transfusion is safe.

A cyclist’s heart rate rises from 60 to 150 beats per minute during a race, while the stroke volume stays at 70 cm³ per beat. Calculate the cardiac output at rest and during the race, and state why the rise matters.

List, in order, the chambers and vessels a drop of blood passes through from the vena cava to the aorta, and state the role of the valves along the way.

A coronary artery’s radius is reduced to half by a fatty plaque. Calculate the percentage reduction in its cross-sectional area and explain why this endangers the heart muscle.

Explain what would happen if a group O donor’s blood were given to a group AB patient, and why the reverse transfusion (AB to O) is far more dangerous.

Describe the cardiac cycle at 75 beats per minute, naming the phases and calculating the duration of one complete cycle.

State three lifestyle causes of coronary heart disease and explain how two changes in habit reduce the risk.

Plan an investigation into the effect of exercise on heart rate. State how the heart rate is measured, how exercise is standardised, which variables are controlled, and the expected pattern of results.

In a transfusion test, a patient’s serum (plasma without clotting factors) is mixed separately with red cells from two donors. Donor P’s cells clump; donor Q’s cells do not. The patient is group B. Identify the likely groups of P and Q, explain the clumping, and state which donor is safe.